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Polar aprotic solvents

1,4-Dioxane

Also known as Dioxane, p-Dioxane, Diethylene ether

CAS 123-91-1Formula C4H8O2Molar mass 88.11 g/molEC 204-661-8
GHS signal word: Danger. Pictograms: Flammable, Harmful or irritant, Serious health hazard 137 suppliers listed
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1,4-Dioxane chemical structure, C4H8O2, CAS 123-91-1
2D chemical structure

Key facts

What buyers check first

All properties
Appearance
Colorless liquid or solid (below 53 degrees F)
Melting point
11.8 °C
Boiling point
101.2 °C
Density
1.0337 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Flash point
18.3 °C
HS code
293299
Category
Polar aprotic solvents
UN number
UN 1165
Illustrative photo, 25 litre white jerry cans of liquid in a warehouse
Typical packagingIllustrative packaging image, not the actual product

What is 1,4-Dioxane?

Plain description, key identifiers and synonyms

1,4-dioxane is a dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4. It has a role as a metabolite, a non-polar solvent and a carcinogenic agent. It is a volatile organic compound and a dioxane.

Identifiers

Registry numbers, names and line notations, tap to copy

IUPAC name
1,4-dioxane
CAS number
123-91-1 CAS number cross-checkedOther or deprecated CAS: 28552-22-9
EC number
204-661-8
Molecular formula
C4H8O2
UNII
J8A3S10O7S
MDL number
MFCD00006571
InChIKey
RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4H2
SMILES (canonical and isomeric)
C1COCCO1

Synonyms

  • Dioxane
  • p-Dioxane
  • Diethylene ether
  • 1,4-Diethylene dioxide
  • 1,4-Dioxacyclohexane
  • Dioxan
  • Tetrahydro-1,4-dioxin
  • Tetrahydro-p-dioxin
  • Di(ethylene oxide)
  • Diethylene dioxide
  • Dioxanne
  • Dioxane-1,4
  • 1,4-Dioxan
  • Glycol ethylene ether
  • Dioxan-1,4
  • p-Dioxan
  • Tetrahydro-para-dioxin
  • Dioxyethylene ether
  • Dioksan
  • Diokan
  • para-Dioxane
  • Diossano-1,4
  • Dioxaan-1,4
  • Glycolethylenether
  • p-Dioxin, tetrahydro-
Show all 35 synonyms
  • 1,4-Dioxanne
  • RCRA waste number U108
  • 1,4-Diethyleneoxide
  • Dioxane, technical grade
  • NE 220
  • 1,4 Diethylene Ether
  • 1.4-dioxane
  • UN 1165
  • 1,4-Dioxane, HPLC Grade
  • [1,4]dioxane

Physical and chemical properties

Measured values and descriptors computed from the structure

Physical and chemical properties

Measured values, check the supplier specification for your grade

Appearance
Colorless liquid or solid (below 53 degrees F)exp.
Odour
Faint pleasant odorexp.
Melting point
11.8 °Cexp.
Boiling point
101.2 °Cexp.
Density
1.0337 g/cm³ at 20 °Cexp.
Flash point
18.3 °Cexp.
Autoignition temperature
180 °Cexp.
Solubility
In water, >800 g/L at 25 °Cexp.
Vapour pressure
38.1 mm Hg at 25 °Cexp.

Values vary by grade. Ask suppliers for the COA or TDS of the batch you buy.

Computed descriptors

Calculated from the structure, useful for screening and formulation

Molecular weight
88.11 g/molcalc.
Exact mass
88.0524 Dacalc.
LogP (octanol/water)
0.03calc.
Topological polar surface area
18.46 Ųcalc.
Hydrogen bond donors
0calc.
Hydrogen bond acceptors
2calc.
Rotatable bonds
0calc.
Heavy atoms
6calc.
Rings
1calc.
Aromatic rings
0calc.
Fraction sp3 carbons
1calc.
Formal charge
0calc.
Stereocentres
0calc.
Lipinski rule of five
Passes (0 violations)calc.

Calculated for screening. Confirm critical figures with the supplier.

Murcko scaffold

The ring system that remains when every side chain is removed

Murcko scaffold of this chemical, C1COCCO1

C1COCCO1

1 ring, 6 atoms. This chemical is the scaffold itself.

537 other chemicals share this scaffold

Safety and hazards

GHS classification summary, not a safety data sheet

GHS signal word
Danger
GHS02: Flammable
Flammable
GHS07: Harmful or irritant
Harmful or irritant
GHS08: Serious health hazard
Serious health hazard
321NFPA 704 rating

Hazard statements

  • H225Highly flammable liquid and vapour.
  • H319Causes serious eye irritation.
  • H335May cause respiratory irritation.
  • H350May cause cancer.
Precautionary statements (22)
  • P203Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use.
  • P210Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.
  • P233Keep container tightly closed.
  • P240Ground and bond container and receiving equipment.
  • P241Use explosion-proof electrical, ventilating and lighting equipment.
  • P242Use non-sparking tools.
  • P243Take action to prevent static discharges.
  • P261Avoid breathing dust, fume, gas, mist, vapours or spray.
  • P264 + P265Wash skin thoroughly after handling. Do not touch eyes.
  • P271Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
  • P280Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection and face protection.
  • P303 + P361 + P353If on skin (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water or shower.
  • P304 + P340If inhaled: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
  • P305 + P351 + P338If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
  • P318If exposed or concerned, get medical advice.
  • P319Get medical help if you feel unwell.
  • P337 + P317If eye irritation persists: Get medical help.
  • P370 + P378In case of fire: Use appropriate media to extinguish.
  • P403 + P233Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
  • P403 + P235Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
  • P405Store locked up.
  • P501Dispose of contents and container in accordance with local regulations.
UN number
UN 1165
Transport hazard class
3
Packing group
II

GHS classification summary, not a safety data sheet (SDS). Classifications can differ by supplier, grade and concentration. Always check the supplier's SDS.

Full safety data and first aid

1,4-Dioxane suppliers

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All 137 suppliers
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Where suppliers are based

137 suppliers in 20 countries

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1,4-Dioxane price

Indicative price range per kg from live supplier offers

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Uses and applications

What the substance is used for, by industry and function

Stabilizer in chlorinated solvents. Organic solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, oil and spirit-soluble dyes, and many other organic as well as some inorganic compounds.

The largest single use of 1,4-dioxane is the stabilization of 1,1,1-trichloroethane against chemical attack by aluminum.

Historically, 1,4-dioxane has been used as a stabilizer for the solvent 1,1,1-trichloroethane. However, this use is no longer expected to be important due to the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act and the Montreal Protocol, which mandate the eventual phase-out of 1,1,1-trichloroethane production in the U.S.

Dioxane is used as a solvent in the formulation of inks, coatings, and adhesives, and as solvent for extracting animal and vegetable oils.

Read more

As a chemical intermediate, dioxane reaction products are useful as insecticides, herbicides, plasticizers, and monomers. The oxonium complexes of dioxane with salts, mineral acids, halogens, and sulfur trioxide are used as catalysts and as reagents for anhydrous acid reactions, brominations, and sulfonations. In the laboratory, dioxane is useful as a cryoscopic solvent for molecular mass determinations and as a stable reaction medium for diverse reactions.

1,4-Dioxane is used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, some dyes, and other organic and inorganic compounds.

Industrial uses: Processing aids not otherwise specified, Other, Solvent, Laboratory chemicals, Intermediate, Cleaning agent.

Consumer uses: Other, Solvent.

Roles

  • aetiopathogenetic role
  • carcinogenic agent
  • metabolite
  • non-polar solvent
  • solvent

Functional uses

  • Fragrance
  • Surfactant (surface active agent)

Pharmacology

1,4-Dioxane is a synthetic, volatile, colorless liquid that is miscible with water, most organic solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons and oils. It is used primarily as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents. 1,4-Dioxane is also used as a solvent for numerous commercial products and as a wetting/dispersing agent in textile processing. In research, it is used in certain biological procedures such as liquid scintillation counting and the preparation of histological sections for microscopic examination.

Read more

The primary routes of potential human exposure to 1,4-dioxane are inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. Acute exposure to low levels of 1,4-dioxane vapors causes eye and nose irritation. Exposure to very high levels of these vapors can result in liver and kidney damage and death. It is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05)

How it is made

1,4-Dioxane is manufactured commercially by dehydration and ring closure of diethylene glycol. Concentrated sulfuric acid (ca. 5%) is used as a catalyst, although phosphoric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and strongly acidic ion-exchange resins are recognized alternatives. The process is continuous, with dioxane vaporized from the reaction vessel. The vapors are passed through an acid trap and two distillation columns to remove water and to purify the product. Yields of ca. 90% are possible.

Dioxane can ...

Read more

be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of 2-chloro-2'-hydroxydiethyl ether, by reacting ethylene glycol with 1,2-dibromoethane, and by dimerizing ethylene oxide either over NaHSO4, SiF4, or BF3, or at elevated temperature with an acidic cation-exchange resin.

From beta,beta-dichloroethyl ether by treatment with alkali.

Regulatory status

Inventories, regulations and trade controls that list this substance

Europe

  • EU harmonised classification (CLP Annex VI)
    Index no: 603-024-00-5

Health and food

  • EU Cosmetics Regulation Annex II, prohibited in cosmetics
    Name: Dioxane, Ref no: 343, Annex ref: II/343

United States

  • TSCA inventory (USA)
    Status: Active in US commerce

HS code and trade data

Customs classification and reported world trade statistics

Global trade

World import and export statistics for the HS code 1,4-Dioxane is traded under.

HS 2932.99Indicative HS code

Heterocyclic compounds with oxygen hetero-atom(s) only, other

World exports in 2024
$3.81B
+10.3% vs 2023, imports $7.05B
2019 to 2024
Top exporters
  1. China28.9%
  2. Switzerland * partner reported12.7%
  3. Germany7.8%
Top importers
  1. United States49.7%
  2. China11.9%
  3. India * partner reported3.3%

* Partner reported figures, a lower bound.

Reported customs values in USD, not prices.Full trade data

The HS code shown for 1,4-Dioxane is indicative (it was assigned by structure rules). Confirm the classification with your customs broker before shipping.

Frequently asked questions

Quick answers about 1,4-Dioxane, based on the data on this page

What is 1,4-Dioxane?

1,4-dioxane is a dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4. It has a role as a metabolite, a non-polar solvent and a carcinogenic agent. It is a volatile organic compound and a dioxane.

What is the CAS number of 1,4-Dioxane?

The CAS registry number of 1,4-Dioxane is 123-91-1. Other or deprecated CAS numbers: 28552-22-9.

What is the molecular formula and weight of 1,4-Dioxane?

The molecular formula of 1,4-Dioxane is C4H8O2 and its molar mass is 88.11 g/mol.

What is 1,4-Dioxane used for?

Stabilizer in chlorinated solvents. Organic solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, oil and spirit-soluble dyes, and many other organic as well as some inorganic compounds.

Is 1,4-Dioxane hazardous?

1,4-Dioxane carries the GHS signal word "Danger". Main hazards: highly flammable liquid and vapour, causes serious eye irritation, may cause respiratory irritation. This summary is not an SDS, always read the supplier safety data sheet.

What is the HS code of 1,4-Dioxane?

1,4-Dioxane is usually classified under HS code 293299 (Heterocyclic compounds with oxygen hetero-atom(s) only, other). This is indicative, confirm it with your customs broker before shipping.

Where can I buy 1,4-Dioxane?

CompoundList lists 137 suppliers of 1,4-Dioxane in China, United States, India, Germany and 16 more. Send one free request to get and compare quotes. Your contact details stay private until you accept a quote.

Where can I buy 1,4-Dioxane in India?

29 suppliers in India list 1,4-Dioxane on CompoundList. Filter the suppliers list by country and send a request to compare prices, grades and delivery times.

What is the price of 1,4-Dioxane?

Suppliers quote 1,4-Dioxane on request because prices depend on grade, purity, quantity and destination. A free request on CompoundList gets you several quotes to compare.

Guides for buyers

Practical guides that help when you source, ship or handle 1,4-Dioxane

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Data last updated 7 Oct 2026. Details may have changed, please confirm them with the supplier. Report an error on this page
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